policies of British control

Architect: Lord Dalhousie (Governor-General, 1848–1856).
The Rule: If the ruler of a “Dependent State” (created by or subordinate to the British) died without a natural male heir, the state would lapse (pass) to the British Company.
Adoption: The long-standing Indian custom of adopting an heir was denied for political succession (though allowed for private property).

Remember the mnemonic: Sajjan Singh Bhag Uda Ja Na (Satara, Sambalpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagpur)

Lord Canning reversed these annexations after the 1857 Revolt to secure loyalty.

Baghat (Himachal): Restored in 1862 to Rana Dalip Singh. (Crucial for HPAS).
Udaipur (Chhattisgarh): Restored in 1860 to a loyal local chief.
Karauli (Rajasthan): Saved before annexation. Dalhousie wanted it, but the Court of Directors (London) overruled him in 1852, ruling it was a “Protected Ally,” not a dependent state.

Awadh was NOT annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Reason: The Nawab had many natural heirs. Dalhousie could not use the “lack of heir” excuse.
Grounds Used: “Misgovernance” (Maladministration) and the “good of the governed.”

Date: February 7, 1856.
Nawab Deposed:Wajid Ali Shah (The 10th and final Nawab).
- He was exiled to Metiabruz (Calcutta) on a pension of ₹12 Lakh/year.
The Report: Based on the report of James Outram (British Resident in Lucknow) describing the state’s chaotic condition.
Immediate Consequence: Heavy unemployment among Awadh’s soldiers and nobles, leading directly to the Revolt of 1857.
Resistance: Led by Begum Hazrat Mahal (Wajid Ali Shah’s wife) in Lucknow during 1857. She declared her son Birjis Qadir as the ruler.

Architect:Lord Wellesley (Governor-General, 1798–1805).
- Note: The concept was originally invented by the French Governor Dupleix, but Wellesley perfected and standardized it.
The Goal: To establish British Paramountcy over Indian states without the expense of direct war, and to keep “Napoleonic” (French) influence out of India.

Any Indian ruler accepting this alliance had to agree to:

Station British Troops: Maintain a permanent British army detachment within their territory.
Pay for the Troops: Cede territory or pay cash to maintain this army (often leading to debt and eventual annexation).
British Resident: Accept a British “Resident” (diplomat) at their court (who effectively controlled internal politics).
Foreign Affairs: Surrender the right to make war, peace, or treaties with any other power without British permission.
Expel Foreigners: Dismiss all non-British Europeans (specifically the French) from their service.

#	Ruler / State	Date	Treaty / Context
1	Hyderabad	Sep 1798	First state to sign (Nizam Ali Khan).
2	Mysore	July 1799	Signed after the death of Tipu Sultan.
3	Tanjore	Oct 1799	Administration taken over by the British.
4	Awadh	Nov 1801	Ceded half of the territory.
5	Gaekwad (Baroda)	July 1802	Treaty of Cambay.
6	Peshwa (Pune)	Dec 1802	Treaty of Bassein.
7	Bhonsle (Nagpur)	Dec 1803	Treaty of Deogaon.
8	Scindia (Gwalior)	Feb 1804	Treaty of Burhanpur.
9	Travancore	1805	Revised treaty imposing strict subsidiary terms.
10	Holkar (Indore)	Jan 1818	Treaty of Mandsaur; Last Maratha chief.

The only one in your top 10 list NOT signed by Wellesley is Holkar.

Holkar (Indore): Signed in 1818.
Governor-General: Lord Hastings (1813–1823).
Why? The Holkars resisted Wellesley successfully. They were only subdued nearly 15 years later during the Third Anglo-Maratha War under Lord Hastings.