Consider the following statements:
- Constitution’s 61st amendment is related to the reduction in voting age.
- Constitution’s 93rd amendment is related to reservation for EWS category.
- Constitution’s 86th amendment added Article 19 A in the Constitution.
- In 2002, duty of parents to provide education to their children from 6 to 14 years was added.
Show Answer & Explanation
Correct Answer: (D)
Explanation:
- Statement 1 (Correct): The 61st Amendment Act, 1988, reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years.
- Statement 4 (Correct): The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, added the 11th Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)), which mandates parents to provide education to their children from 6 to 14 years.
- Statement 2 (Incorrect): The 93rd Amendment Act, 2005, is related to reservations for OBCs in educational institutions. The 103rd Amendment Act, 2019, is related to the EWS reservation.
- Statement 3 (Incorrect): The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, added Article 21A (Right to Education), not Article 19A.
📚 Additional Info: Potential Exam Questions
1. 61st Amendment Act, 1988
- Core Fact: Reduced the voting age for Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly elections from 21 years to 18 years.
- Article Amended: It amended Article 326 of the Constitution.
- Potential Question: “Which constitutional amendment is associated with empowering the youth by lowering the voting age, and which Prime Minister’s government introduced it?”
- Answer: 61st Amendment, introduced by the Rajiv Gandhi government.
2. 86th Amendment Act, 2002 (High-Yield Topic)
This amendment made three major changes to the Constitution:
- Change 1 (Fundamental Rights – Part III): Added Article 21A, making elementary education (6-14 years) a Fundamental Right.
- Change 2 (DPSP – Part IV): Modified Article 45 to be about “early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.”
- Change 3 (Fundamental Duties – Part IVA): Added Article 51A(k), the 11th Fundamental Duty, for parents to provide education to their children (6-14 years).
- Follow-up: The RTE Act, 2009, was the law passed by Parliament to implement Article 21A.
3. 93rd Amendment Act, 2005
- Core Fact: Empowered the state to make special provisions (reservations) for OBCs in all educational institutions, including private institutions.
- Exception: Explicitly exempted minority educational institutions.
- Article Amended: It added Clause (5) to Article 15.
4. 103rd Amendment Act, 2019 (The EWS Reservation)
- Core Fact: This is the amendment that provides for the EWS (Economically Weaker Sections) reservation.
- Provision: Provides for 10% reservation for EWS in educational institutions and public employment.
- Articles Amended: It added Clause (6) to Article 15 and Clause (6) to Article 16.