India’s geography forms the backbone of multiple competitive exams including UPSC, HPAS, HCS, PCS, SSC, and more. From mountains to monsoons, this page compiles all major topics with links to detailed chapters and notes.
🔗 Quick Navigation: Indian Geography Topics
- 🗺️ India’s Geographical Location & Boundaries
- 🏔️ Mountain Ranges of India
- 🌊 Rivers of India (River Systems)
- 🌾 Plains of India
- 🏝️ Peninsular Plateau and Hills
- 🏜️ Deserts of India
- 🧊 Glaciers in India
- 🌴 Islands & Coastal Regions
- 🌦️ Climate of India (Monsoon System)
- 🐘 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
- 🧭 Soil Types in India
- 🧱 Geological Structure of India
- 🌐 Physiographic Divisions of India
🗺️ 1. India’s Geographical Location & Boundaries
- Latitude: 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N
- Longitude: 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E
- Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle (23.5° N)
- Total Land Frontier: ~15,200 km
- Total Coastline: ~7,516.6 km
- Bordered by 7 countries: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan
🔗 Read more ➡️ India’s Boundaries and Neighbours
🏔️ 2. Mountain Ranges of India
- Himalayas (Young Fold Mountains) – Divided into Himadri, Himachal, and Shiwalik ranges
- Aravalli Range – Oldest mountain range
- Western & Eastern Ghats – Biodiversity hotspots
- Vindhya & Satpura – Divide North and South India
🔗 Read more ➡️ Mountain System of India
🌊 3. Rivers of India (River Systems)
- Himalayan Rivers: Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra
- Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Tapi
- Divided into East-flowing (into Bay of Bengal) and West-flowing (into Arabian Sea)
🔗 Read more ➡️ River System of India
🌾 4. Plains of India
- Indo-Gangetic Plains – Northern fertile plains
- Coastal Plains – Western Coastal Plain and Eastern Coastal Plain
- Formed by river alluvium; agriculturally rich and densely populated
🔗 Read more ➡️ Plains of India
🏝️ 5. Peninsular Plateau
- Formed of ancient crystalline rocks
- Divided into Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau
- Bordered by Western and Eastern Ghats
🔗 Read more ➡️ Peninsular Plateau of India
🏜️ 6. Deserts of India
- Thar Desert (Great Indian Desert) – Covers western Rajasthan
- Cold Desert – Found in Ladakh and Spiti regions
🔗 Read more ➡️ Deserts of India
🧊 7. Glaciers in India
- Found mainly in the Himalayas
- Important ones: Siachen, Gangotri, Zemu, Pindari
🔗 Read more ➡️ Glaciers in India
🏝️ 8. Islands & Coastal Regions
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands – Bay of Bengal
- Lakshadweep Islands – Arabian Sea
- Coastal states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal
🔗 Read more ➡️ Islands and Coasts of India
🌦️ 9. Climate of India
- Tropical Monsoon Climate
- Four Seasons: Winter, Summer, Monsoon, Retreating Monsoon
- Western Disturbances, El Niño, La Niña impact patterns
🔗 Read more ➡️ Indian Climate and Monsoon
🌴 10. Natural Vegetation & Wildlife
- Vegetation Zones: Tropical evergreen, deciduous, thorny, mountain, tidal
- Wildlife: Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, One-horned Rhino, etc.
- Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries
🔗 Read more ➡️ Natural Vegetation and Wildlife in India
🧭 11. Soil Types in India
- Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Desert, Mountain soils
- Fertility and crop suitability vary across soil types
🔗 Read more ➡️ Soil Classification in India
🧱 12. Geological Structure of India
- Peninsular Block: Oldest and most stable
- Himalayan Region: Geologically young and unstable
- Indo-Gangetic Trough: Alluvial deposits
🔗 Read more ➡️ Geological History of India
🗺️ 13. Physiographic Divisions of India
- Northern Mountains
- Indo-Gangetic Plains
- Peninsular Plateau
- Coastal Plains
- Islands
🔗 Read more ➡️ Physiographic Divisions of India
📘 Useful for Exams:
- UPSC Prelims & Mains – GS1
- State PCS Exams – HPAS, RAS, MPPSC, BPSC
- SSC CGL, CHSL, CDS, NDA
- UGC NET (Geography)